Why Do We Overlook Dad?
Since its beginnings nearly 40 years ago, Head Start has understood that loving,
intentional parental involvement is an essential factor in healthy child development.
Head Start works with parents because it believes that a healthy family is a child's best
and most powerful resource. Strong families help to ensure positive outcomes for children
and that they enter school ready to learn and succeed in their years there.
However, getting children prepared for life-long learning is typically viewed as mother's
work. Dads are too often seen as optional in this part of their children's lives. Nothing could be
further from the truth.
Why do we overlook dad in early childhood development? There may be a
number of reasons.
- Head Start staff consists mostly of women
who may identify with and are more comfortable with moms than
dads.
- Some staff and mothers may harbor bad
feelings toward fathers because of their own hurtful experiences.
- The culture of family and staff may
promote the notion of women as primary caretakers, particularly of
young children.
- Some staff and parents may not fully
appreciate the key and unique role a father plays in his child's
healthy development.
- Some staff may assume that fathers do not
show up because they do not want to participate.
- Some staff may simply not know how to get fathers involved.
Does any of this sound familiar?
Moms and dads need to see parenting as a partnership, and they need to see Head Start as
a place where they can get help, support, and encouragement in succeeding at the most important
job they have: being active, loving, and nurturing parents. That is what the effort to get fathers
involved in Head Start is all about.
Principles of Family Involvement in Head Start
- Head Start recognizes that both mothers
and fathers play an essential role in the healthy development of
the children who learn here.
- Head Start recognizes that children
benefit from a strong, cooperative relationship between mother and
father.
- Head Start helps both mother and father become effective
in helping their children become life-long learners.
- Head Start helps mothers and fathers
understand and appreciate the vital and unique roles they play in
their child's healthy development.
- Head Start recognizes, appreciates, and
wants to learn about both parents, as fully as possible,
regardless of whether the parents reside in the same home.
- Head Start strives to invite mother and
father, by name and in their primary language, to Head Start
programs and functions.
- Head Start seeks to make both mothers and
fathers feel welcome and supported.
- Head Start seeks to offer programs that are meaningful to both mothers and fathers.
"We believe a child with a loving, involved father and mother
is a child who has a great head start in life."
Emphasizing Father Involvement
in Head Start
Since the birth of Head Start in 1965, the picture of the American family has changed
dramatically: divorced, single-parent, step- and cohabiting families all have increased.
This means more children are growing up without fathers or living with men who are not
their biological fathers. Many, indeed most, single parents are doing admirable
jobs at raising their children, often with the help of Head Start programs.
But more than two decades of social science research have revealed that fatherlessness
can be harmful for children. (See Building Block 1.)
This impressive body of research gave shape to a mushrooming fatherhood movement that began in
the early 1990s. In 1994, the National Fatherhood Initiative held the first-ever National Summit
on Fatherhood in Dallas, Texas. Since then, many organizations have arisen to help combat the
problem of fatherlessness. They help fathers realize how important they are to the healthy
development of their children and help them to become more involved.
To achieve the highest possible outcomes for children, Head Start programs must make every
effort to involve fathers in the lives of their children. Research demonstrates clearly that
positive father involvement contributes substantially to child well-being. Children who grow up
with an active father in their lives, on average, are less likely to do poorly or drop out of
school, develop substance abuse problems, commit crimes, and suffer from other social or
emotional problems.
Understanding Head Start Fathers
There are many stereotypes about unwed, non-custodial fathers. "Deadbeat" is a common one,
suggesting men who make babies then disappear. In truth, many non-custodial fathers are men who
want to be involved in their children's lives.
The Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project finds that nearly half (45 percent) of
infants and toddlers in Head Start have fathers living in the home and a quarter (25 percent)
have non-resident dads involved in their lives. Most Early Head Start programs (74 percent) have
at least some children whose fathers are incarcerated.1
The National Center on Fathers and Families identifies seven "generalities" about
low-income fathers:
- These fathers care about their children,
even if they are not always on the scene or able to show their
love in conventional ways.
- A father who lives in the home is more
likely to contribute to the family's economic health, provide
social support, and help with child development and care.
- Joblessness discourages some fathers from
getting involved with their children.
- Legal limitations like custody, child
support enforcement, and paternity establishment and disputes can
keep fathers out of their child's life.
- Many young, unwed fathers and mothers
need help learning how to share parenting duties.
- Many young fathers are unsure of their
role as a parent and have difficulty transitioning into
fatherhood.
- Young fathers (and mothers) can be negatively influenced by their own experiences as
children.
In addition, the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project finds that:
- Nearly half (44 percent) of Early Head
Start children live in the same home as their fathers; and
- When the father is closely involved in the young child's life, the child is less likely
to exhibit behavior problems, aggressiveness, and hyperactivity.
Why Are Some Fathers More Likely to Be Involved
in Their Child's Education and Development?
It is helpful for programs to understand patterns of father involvement and why some fathers
are more likely to be involved than others. A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education
that examined fathers' involvement in their children's schools found:
Percentage of fathers who did not participate in any school activity in a school year:
- Non-residential fathers (in contact with
their children) 69%
- Fathers from two-parent families 25%
Percentage of fathers who participated in at least one school activity in a year:
- Non-residential fathers (in contact with
their children) 22%
- Fathers from two-parent families 53%
Only 18 percent of non-resident fathers participated in at least two activities and only 9 percent participated
in three or more school activities. These activities were most likely to be sporting events or general
school meetings.
2
Factors Associated with Father Involvement
Recent research finds low-income fathers who participate in religious organizations several
times a week spend, on average, 169 more hours per year involved with their children than other
fathers. In fact, religious involvement—more than any other form of civic engagement—was
associated with greater father involvement.3
Fathers who identify strongly with being a father are more likely to be involved with their
young children. Head Start programs have a significant role to play in making both mothers and
fathers aware of the importance of father involvement in child well-being. This is critical
because mothers play an important role in promoting father involvement.4
Another study found non-residential fathers are most likely to be involved in their child's
education when:
- Their children are in K-5;
- The mother is well-educated and involved
in her child's education; and
- The father is paying some level of child support.5
Both mother and father are more likely to be involved in their child's education when:
- Their child is younger;
- If they believe their involvement will
make a real difference;
- If they have faith their child can do
better in school; and
- If they have high educational aspirations for the child.6
Fathers are more likely to be involved in the early years of their child's school experience
if the family participates in regular activities in the home and takes regular outings together.
The likelihood of high father participation in school increased 17 percent with each additional
shared family activity in a week.7
Additionally, both parents tend to be more involved in smaller schools than in larger ones.
School policies, practices, and environment on parental participation play a key role also.8
Is your Head Start program actively inviting father
participation, helping fathers understand the vital role they play, and
making it easy and practical for dads to get involved?
The Positive Impact of Father Involvement/Intervention Programs
One study found that Head Start programs with fatherhood involvement efforts realized
significantly higher levels of father participation than programs that did not make such
efforts. When father involvement programs were offered, only 33 percent of fathers did not
participate. When no father involvement efforts were made, 73 percent of fathers did not
participate in program activities.9
Summary of Findings
Fathers are more likely to be involved in the education of their children if:
- Father is married to mother;
- Father is religiously active;
- Child is male and younger than grade 6 (Head Start fathers spent 16.15 more hours in a
school year with sons than they did with daughters);
- Mother is well-educated (level of father's education was not as significant);
- Mother is involved in the academic life
of the child;
- Father is paying some level of child
support;
- Father and mother participate in regular
activities in and outside of the home;
- The school is smaller, orderly, and
expects good behavior;
- Father believes his participation can
make a difference; and
- The school intentionally works to offer fathers practical, encouraging
ways to be involved.
Head Start programs can use this information in considering how to enhance their father
involvement efforts. Extend outreach efforts to all fathers in the community, recognizing what
factors promote father involvement and what factors discourage it. Develop a strategy for
reaching those fathers not as likely to become involved, as well as those who might be
recruited more easily.
Taking Stock:
How Well Does Your Program Involve Fathers?
The following activities will help Head Start programs evaluate how well they are doing at
involving fathers.
- Review active parent involvement/family
partnership activities.
- How involved are parents in general? How
much opportunity do they have to be involved? How is the program
intentionally attracting and including fathers?
- How have parents (especially fathers)
been helped to appreciate the important role they play in their
child's development? List ways this could be improved.
- Are there men on staff? Are they visible
and interacting with mothers and fathers?
- Describe the fathers in the program.
- What is known about them?
- How many actively participate? How many
do not?
- What keeps them from participating?
- What attracts those who do participate?
- How many are married to the child's
mother and live in the same home?
- How healthy is the relationship with
the child's mother?
- How much is known about non-resident
dads?
- How many are custodial, single fathers?
- What are the problems and frustrations fathers often feel in parenting?
- In the enrollment process, what steps are
being taken to fully involve fathers? How is information gathered
on fathers who do not live with their children? Are dads
personally invited and encouraged to participate in the program
with practical ideas for how to participate? Is this information
conveyed in the father's primary language? How could father
participation be improved at enrollment?
- What are the most common services that
are provided to fathers during the family partnership process? How
well are these services being received?
- What services are needed by fathers in
the community but are currently lacking?
- List current community partners.
- List prospective community partners.
SIDEBAR:
In one program evaluation, it was found that Head Start staff addressed
only the mother in the intake process, even when the father was sitting
right there. When asked why the father wasn't addressed also, the staff
was not aware that he was being excluded. Be sure to treat dad like a
player in the game.
Recognizing and Breaking Down Barriers
to Father Involvement
In efforts to increase father involvement in Head Start programs, it is important to
recognize and be sensitive to barriers that might keep fathers from participating.
Preston J. Garrison, of the National Practitioners Network for Fathers and Families,
identifies some of those barriers. He notes that many barriers may exist in both staff and
the mothers themselves, including:
- Possibility of conflict between custodial
and non-custodial parents as they participate in the program
- Fear that increased male involvement in
the program might challenge the safety of the children
- Concern over increased funding needs for
serving men and the possibility that this will drain money used to
serve mothers and children
- Lack of staff experience and confidence in working with men and lack of understanding
on how father involvement supports other program priorities
Some other barriers to father involvement are more general.
Do you know their names?
Do recruiting processes directly invite fathers? If an invitation is sent
"To the parent(s) of...," most assume that means the mother. If programs want fathers to come
to an event, they need to invite them by name and in their primary language.
Do fathers feel comfortable?
Does the physical environment of the program make fathers feel welcome? Men are less likely
to feel comfortable if the center is seen as a place primarily for women and children. Ask men
to provide ideas for making simple changes in the center to make it more inviting and comfortable
for men in the community.
Are fathers intimidated?
Some fathers may not have had a good experience in school and are not comfortable in an
educational setting. Maybe they cannot read and fear their secret might be revealed. Help
fathers understand that they can enjoy books with their kids simply by asking questions about
the scenes in books or by making up their own stories based on the pictures. Head Start family
literacy efforts can also help fathers to increase their reading skills.
Do fathers have time?
Work and schedule conflicts can keep fathers from participating in the program just as they can
with mothers. Creative scheduling and taking activities to where fathers are can be very helpful.
Do fathers know they can make a difference?
Research shows that mothers and fathers are more likely to be involved in their children's
education if they believe they can make a difference. Head Start programs can help parents
understand how their smallest, simplest contributions can have big benefits for their children.
Help parents recognize the power of their involvement. Develop activities for fathers that relate
to their strengths and interests. Typically, for instance, men like to solve problems.
Organize an event that takes advantage of this in some practical way.
To recap:
- Are fathers invited and welcomed by name
and in their primary language?
- Are they made to feel comfortable and
useful when they come?
- Do they understand how vital their most
simple participation is to their child's well-being?
- Are copies of the child's progress report
sent to both the mother and father?
- Are creative and practical volunteer
opportunities for fathers identified?
- Are fathers involved as recruiters for
uninvolved fathers?
- Does the in-take and assessment process involve and collect information about both resident and
non-resident fathers?
When a Head Start program has decided to work with fathers actively, Garrison recommends
having an outside consultant conduct a program assessment that would include a review of
policies, procedures, and staff attitudes. There are fatherhood organizations that conduct
such assessments.
By recognizing the barriers to father involvement that might exist within Head Start
programs or within fathers themselves, the barriers can be overcome more successfully.
The resulting increase in father involvement can enhance positive outcomes for children
in Head Start.
Endnotes
1 Helen Raikes, Welmoet VanKammen, and Kimberly Boller, "Fathers' Involvement in Early
Head Start Programs: Summary Report" (November 17, 2001) from the Early Head Start Research
and Evaluation Project, p. 2, 4.
2 Christine Winquist Nord, DeeAnn Brimhall, and Jerry West, Fathers' Involvement in Their
Children's Schools. National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Education NCES 98-091, 1997.
3 W. Bradford Wilcox, Good Dads: Religion, Civic Engagement, & Paternal Involvement in Low-Income
Communities, (Center for Research on Religion and Urban Civil Society,
University of Pennsylvania, 2002), p. 12-13
4 M. Carlson and S. McLanahan, "Characteristics and Antecedents of Involvement by Young,
Unmarried Fathers, Center for Research on Child Well-being," Working Paper #02-09-FF, 2002.
5 Nord, Brimhill and West, 1997.
6 J.S. Eccles and R. D. Harold, "Family Involvement in Children's and Adolescents' Schooling,"
in A. Booth and J.F. Dunn, eds., Family-School Links: How Do They Affect Educational
Outcomes? (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996); Nord, Barhill and West, 1997.
7 Nord, Barhill and West, 1997.
8 J.L. Epstein. and S.L. Dauber, "School Programs and Teacher Practices of Parent Involvement in
Inner-City Elementary and Middle Schools," Elementary School Journal, (1991) 91:289-303;
J.S. Coleman and T. Hoffer, Public and Private High Schools: The Impact of Communities.
(New York: Basic Books, 1987); Nord, Barhill and West, 1997.
9 J. Fagan, Predictors of Father and Father Figure Involvement in Pre-Kindergarten
Head Start. National Center on Fathers and Families, University of Pennsylvania, 1999.
See PDF version:
First Thoughts on Getting Fathers Involved in Head Start [PDF, 1877KB]
